Korean word & grammar comparisons
은/는 vs 이/가, 에 vs 에서, 안 vs 못, and other high-intent comparison pages for learners.
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안녕하세요 vs 안녕하십니까
안녕하세요 vs 안녕하십니까: when each greeting fits, formality traps, and what beginners overuse from textbooks.
너무 vs 많이
너무 vs 많이: quantity “a lot,” excess “too,” and modern intensifier tone — with examples and test traps.
은/는 vs 이/가
은/는 (topic) vs 이/가 (subject): contrast, new information, and the most-searched Korean particle confusion.
에 vs 에서
에 (destination / existence) vs 에서 (action location / origin): clear rules, examples, and the classic 학교에서 가요 mistake.
줘 vs 주세요
줘 (casual) vs 주세요 (polite): how to ask for things without sounding rude or stiff.
The romanization trap
Romanization is a day-one crutch that blocks Hangul fluency. How to quit without freezing progress.
Politeness lives on the verb
Learners sometimes 요-bomb every noun. Politeness lives on the predicate ending, not free-floating 요.
저는 is not gendered
저는 / 나 are not gendered. Focus on speech level and role nouns instead of inventing gendered “I am.”
안 vs 못
Full guide to 안 vs 못: choice vs inability, word order, past forms, and practice examples for beginners.
이/가 vs 을/를
Stop mixing 이/가 and 을/를. Subject markers vs object markers with clear Hangul batchim rules.
도 vs 만
도 (also/even) and 만 (only) are tiny particles that change meaning completely.
이에요/예요 vs 아니에요
Copula affirmation and negation for nouns: 이에요/예요 vs 아니에요.
Spacing before 요
Where spaces go with 요 and polite endings so Hangul writing looks native.
Native vs Sino numbers
고유어 vs 한자어 numbers: hours, minutes, money, counters — the domains that confuse every beginner.
개 vs 명
개 counts many objects; 명/분 count people. Never use 개 for people in careful Korean.
반말 timing
When casual speech is welcome and when dropping 요 makes you sound rude.
Verb at the end
Subject–object–verb order: stop ending sentences with nouns the English way.
Null subjects
Null subjects are natural in Korean, but over-dropping makes you unclear and under-dropping sounds stiff.
Polite ≠ honorific
해요체 politeness is not the same as subject honorific -(으)시-. Learn both axes.
Batchim linking
Final consonants link into the next syllable in speech: reading Hangul blocks ≠ careful spelling pronunciation.
하다 vs 되다
하다 (do) vs 되다 (become / be allowed / work out): separate the English “do/get/become” mashup.
알다 vs 모르다
Suppletive 알다/모르다: 알아요/몰라요, past forms, and why 안 알다 is wrong.
있어요 location particles
Use 에 with 있다/없다 for existence location; 에서 is for actions, not bare “is at.”
주다 vs 드리다
When to upgrade 주다 to 드리다 for respected recipients, with 께.
보다 vs 뵙다
보다 “see/watch” vs 뵙다/봬요 “meet a respected person.”
먹다 vs 드시다
Plain 먹다 vs honorific 드시다/잡수시다: never describe an elder’s eating with plain 먹다 in careful speech.
Time + 에
Clock times and many calendar words take 에; duration often does not. Fix the “Monday go” mistake.
“Only” with negatives
밖에 + negative means “only.” It is not an English double-negative puzzle if you learn it as a unit.
Descriptive verbs conjugate
크다/좋다 conjugate like verbs — not English “be + adjective.” Stop inserting 이다.
Null objects
Korean omits repeated objects; English learners over-specify every 을/를 phrase.
았어요 vs 었어요
How Korean past polite chooses 았어요 vs 었어요: vowel harmony, contractions, and common conjugation mistakes.
아요 vs 어요
Polite present 아요/어요 vowel harmony: when learners pick the wrong ending and how to fix it.
이에요 vs 예요
When to use 이에요 vs 예요 after nouns: batchim rule, speech reduction, and test traps.
을까요 vs 을래요
-(으)ㄹ까요 suggestions/wonder vs -(으)ㄹ래요 intent or listener will — stop mixing them.
거예요 vs 게요
Future plan -(으)ㄹ 거예요 vs reactive promise -(으)ㄹ게요: the difference English “will” hides.
고 있어요 vs 아요/어요
When Korean needs -고 있어요 for “right now” vs plain polite present that already covers habits.
수 있다 vs 못
-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 versus 못: overlapping “can’t” meanings and when tests prefer one form.
안 vs 지 않다
Short negation 안 + verb versus long form -지 않다: speech vs writing and placement rules.
으니까 vs 아서/어서
Two reason connectors: when -(으)니까 fits commands and justifications better than -아서/어서.
지만 vs 는데
Clean contrast -지만 versus soft spoken background -는데: which “but” sounds natural.
고 vs 아서/어서 (sequence)
V-고 “and” vs -아서/어서 sequence/reason: when “and then” should not be plain -고.
하고 vs 과/와
Spoken 하고 versus written/formal 과/와 for noun linking and “with” companions.
이랑 vs 하고
Casual 이랑/랑 versus 하고: both spoken, slightly different flavor and batchim rules.
한테 vs 께
When 한테 is fine and when 께 is required for respected recipients.
에게 vs 한테
에게 (more written/formal) vs 한테 (spoken) for giving, telling, and asking people.
으로 vs 에
-(으)로 for means, direction, and status vs 에 for destination and static location.
에서 vs 한테서
Origin “from”: places take 에서; people usually take 한테서/에게서.
의 vs spoken 에
의 marks possession in writing; speech often sounds like 에 — don’t respell it wrong.
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